OMS continúa evaluando si declara emergencia internacional, pero ¿Qué sabemos del coronavirus?
Los primeros casos con este virus se reportaron a fines del año pasado en China. Si bien hoy se han confirmado pacientes en distintos continentes, aún la información es escasa para completar el perfil clínico.
1.-¿Qué es? Corresponde a un tipo de virus perteneciente a la familia de los coronavirus, de fuente probablemente animal, que registra miles de contagiados a nivel mundial. Fue detectado por primera vez en diciembre del año pasado en la ciudad oriental china de Wuhan y denominado con la sigla 2019-nCOV por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).
2.-¿Cuáles son sus síntomas? Las enfermedades provocadas por el nuevo coronavirus y el SRAS (Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo) de 2002 tienen síntomas comunes, según la observación de los 41 primeros casos detectados en China. Todos los pacientes sufrían neumonía, casi la totalidad tenía fiebre, tres de cada cuatro tosían y más de la mitad tenía dificultades respiratorias. Si bien no se pueden sacar conclusiones generales debido a los pocos pacientes controlados, estas observaciones permiten elaborar un primer cuadro clínico de la enfermedad, muy útil teniendo en cuenta de que el nuevo coronavirus presenta síntomas parecidos a la gripe invernal, dificultando su diagnóstico.
3.-¿A quiénes afecta? El nuevo coronavirus afecta de igual forma a hombres y mujeres. La edad media de los 41 pacientes iniciales, detectados en China, era de 49 años. Menos de un tercio sufría enfermedades crónicas como diabetes o problemas cardiovasculares.
4.-¿En qué países se han registrado casos? Fuera de Asia, los países en los que se han encontrado casos positivos son por ahora Estados Unidos y Canadá (ambos en América), Australia (en Oceanía), Costa de Marfil (en África) y, en Europa, Francia y Alemania. Hasta el momento no se registra ningún caso en América latina.
5.-¿Cuál es su nivel de contagio? El número de personas contagiadas por un paciente infectado , llamado «tasa de reproducción de base» o R0, es importante para determinar la dinámica de la epidemia. Hasta el momento las estimaciones científicas oscilan de 1,4 a 3,8. Si bien aún se desconoce la fase de infección en la que un paciente se vuelve contagioso, China afirmó el domingo pasado que es posible que se produzca durante el periodo de incubación, antes de que los síntomas aparezcan, aunque es una observación basada en pocos casos.
6.-¿Cuál es su tasa de mortalidad? Por ahora, no es posible determinar con exactitud la tasa de mortalidad del nuevo coronavirus, bautizado 2019-nCoV, porque se desconoce el número real de personas infectadas. Pero esa tasa «es hoy por hoy claramente inferior al 5%», juzgó la ministra francesa de Sanidad, Agnes Buzyn.
7.-¿Qué medidas se han tomado para controlar la epidemia? La epidemia del SRAS fue contenida en pocos meses gracias a una amplia movilización internacional. China llegó a bloquear ciudades, por lo que más de 40 millones de personas permanecen aisladas, e impuso estrictas medidas de higiene a su población, además de dispositivos de aislamiento y cuarentena. También prohibió el consumo de gatos de algalia, mamífero por el que el virus se transmitía al hombre. En el caso del nuevo virus, se desconoce por ahora qué animal desempeña este papel de intermediario, pero como precaución China prohibió el comercio de todos los animales salvajes. Los médicos destacan además la importancia de las «medidas barrera», eficaces contra otras enfermedades virales como la gripe: lavarse las manos frecuentemente, toser y estornudar en el hueco interior del codo o en un pañuelo, evitar tocarse la cara, etc.
8.- ¿Qué dice la OMS? En un principio, el organismo calificó al coronavirus de riesgo moderado y el lunes 22 levantó la evaluación a muy alto en China, alto a nivel regional y a nivel mundial. Asimismo, la agencia especializada había comentado que era demasiado pronto para hablar de «emergencia de salud pública de alcance internacional», término que se ha utilizado para enfermedades como la fiebre del Ébola, la gripe porcina H1N1 y el virus del Zika.
9.-¿Ha llegado algún caso a República Dominicana? No. El ministro de Salud Pública, Rafael Sánchez Cárdenas, advirtió a la población que hasta el momento en el país no se ha registrado ningún caso con el virus, y llamó a no confundirse con otros tipos de virus que circulan en el país.
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